Access restrictions to data are essential to keep confidential information private and secure. They are used to limit access to data to people who have earned that right by undergoing a rigorous process of vetting.

This includes the vetting of projects, training for researchers and the use of virtual or physical secure lab environments. In some instances, a publication embargo is required to protect the research findings.

There are many models of access control, including discretionary access control (DAC) where the owner or administrator decides who can access specific resources, systems or data. This model is flexible however it can also cause security risks because individuals can inadvertently permit access to individuals who should not be granted access. Mandatory Access Control (MAC), is a mandatory and standard feature in government or military settings, where access is regulated by classification of information and clearance levels.

Access control is essential to meet industry-wide compliance requirements for information protection and security. By using best practices in access control and adhering to pre-defined policies companies can demonstrate compliance during audits and inspections, avoid fines or penalties and maintain trust with clients or clients. This is particularly important in the context of regulatory requirements such as GDPR, HIPAA and PCI DSS apply. By reviewing and updating regularly the access privileges of current and former employees companies can ensure that sensitive data is not available to unauthorized users. This requires careful review of access privileges and making sure access is removed when employees quit or change roles within the company.

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